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Ralph Austin Bard
Ralph Austin Bard (July 29, 1884 – April 5, 1975) was a Chicago financier who served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1941–1944, and as Under Secretary, 1944–1945. He is noted for a memorandum he wrote to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson in 1945 urging that Japan be given a warning before the use of the atomic bomb on a Japanese city. He was "the only person known to have formally dissented from the use of the atomic bomb without advance warning." 〔Gar Alperovitz, ''The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), p. 225. ISBN 0-679-44331-2〕
==Early life and business career==
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Bard was the second of three children born to George Morris Bard (1852-1932) and Helen Norwood Bard (1858-1947).〔United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623, 1854 rolls.〕 He went to Princeton University, where he lettered in baseball, basketball and football.〔(''Time Magazine'', "Chicago Buyers," September 16, 1929 )〕 After graduating in 1906, he embarked on a career as an investment banker in Chicago, eventually becoming head of his own firm.〔(Barton J. Bernstein, "The Debate on Industrial Reconversion: The Protection of Oligopoly and Military Control of the Economy," ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', Vol. 26, No. 2 (April, 1967), pp. 159-172 ) Companies in which Bard became an investor included the Auburn Automobile Company (1919). See Indiana Historical Society, ("Historical Sketch" in "Indiana Automobile Advertisements, 1916–1996, Collection Guide" ) and the Wahl Company (1939), which made Eversharp pens. (See ( "The $64 Answer" ), ''Time Magazine'', October 21, 1946.)〕 He married Mary Hancock Spear (1886-1949) in 1909. They had four children. Bard was active in civic organizations in the Chicago area, including Boy Scouts of America and the American Red Cross. He was also a trustee of Northwestern University.〔''Who Was Who in America'', v. 6 (1974-1976), Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1978, p. 20, col. 3. ISBN 0-8379-0207-X〕
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